How to Write an Abstract For a Paper

How to Write an Abstract For a PaperIf you want to know how to write an abstract for a paper, then this article will be helpful to you. In this article, you will learn the most essential information that you must know in order to effectively write an abstract for a paper. As such, you will have a very important skill at your disposal.First of all, the content of the abstract should always be simple. There is no point in writing a paper if it contains complex content. In this regard, abstracts are not like poems or stories. Abstracts are merely summaries of some fundamental ideas, theories, principles, or facts.Secondly, when writing an abstract, you must know that abstracts are written without reference to previous publications or your previous experiences. While it would be nice to put in reference to previous work, the temptation to do so will certainly arise whenever writing abstracts. So, be sure that you write in a straightforward and direct manner. You can either use general co ncepts, or the more precise and specific terms and concepts that you are familiar with.Thirdly, you must know that to write an abstract you need to draw the reader's attention by giving them a strong sense of urgency. They need to understand why you need to provide them with this information. The reason you need to give the reader this information is because they are the ones who will be using your abstracts. However, it is also important to keep your abstract short. Too many words can distract the reader and can also make the abstract difficult to understand.Fourthly, you should never forget that an abstract is not just a summary of previous published works. For one thing, they must be well researched and structured. In addition, they must focus on some single idea or concept that you want to convey in your paper.Lastly, as you write an abstract for a paper, you must not be limited to just one new field of study. Rather, you should always choose a topic that pertains to one or more topics. This way, it will become much easier to convey your thoughts about this topic in the abstract.By now, you should have learned some important pointers on how to write an abstract for a paper. However, you may also be wondering about the most effective ways to achieve this.The best way to ensure that you succeed is to constantly practice. In addition, by reviewing what you have learned from this article you will be able to create and improve a number of papers based on what you have learned in this article.

Shelley and Keats :: essays papers

Shelley and Keats Fall Theme in English Romantic Poetry: Shelley^ã's Tribute toward the West Wind what's more, Keats^ã's To Autumn. A period of pre-winter is customarily connected with fleetingness what's more, impermanence, with biting the dust of nature and desires for the following winter time. For Romantic artists who are known for their remarkable affectability to regular states of mind the time of fall turns into an extraordinary power for lovely innovativeness. Percy Bysshe Shelley^s Tribute toward the West Wind and John Keats^s tribute To Harvest time are two wonderful sonnets which were blown to its creators by the English harvest time ^ the two artists are affected by the occasional procedure in nature which ushers them into the state of mind of fleetingness and maturing. In any case, both of them in an unexpected way see a similar regular appearances. The extreme writer Shelley watches the fatal changes in nature brought about by the pre-winter wind with a desire for the accompanying spring and restoration. In the occasional procedure he sees an emblematic model for conceivable progressive changes both in his own life and in the current social structure of his nation. His Tribute to the West Wind ! fundamentally offers to the dynamic brilliant intensity of the west wind to give him that vitality which can change the world. Simultaneously, another Romantic artist Keats sleepy acknowledges the thought of maturing and achievement ^ in his tribute To Autumn he celebrates productivity of the pre-winter and awaits goodbye to the spending endlessly year furthermore, together with it to his incredible verse. The Romantic pre-winter tributes of Shelley and Keats are conceived from the graceful perceptions of common changes and from their capacity to enter the state of mind of fall which gives them a motivating force to masterful inventiveness. In Tribute toward the West Wind Shelley for the most part focuses his consideration on his perceptions of the passing brought about by the pre-winter wind. He thinks about the dead leaves to apparitions (WW, 676/2-3), and the winged seeds ^ to dead bodies which lie cold and low... inside [their] grave (WW, 676/7-8). Every one of these pictures converse with the creator of the withering year (WW, 677/24), of transition of time and of maturing. Gradually his psyche turns out to be brimming with dead thoughts(WW, 678/63) which overpower him after he enters the pre-winter state of mind of nature ^ consequently his psyche creates the mind-set of the season and he turns into a piece of it. In any case, watching the harvest time obliteration Shelley realizes that this season isn't to control over the earth everlastingly: for him it is only a time of dimness which sits tight for a savior (Webb, p.178). He expects when Spring will blow

Solve Math Problems by Facing Your Fear

Solve Math Problems Through Perception You will be surprised how many students have problems with writing. And the reason is not only because they do not study the material, it lies much deeper. It is the problems of perception and, at some point, self-confidence. What does not let us solve math problems? Very often students just don’t feel confident enough to deal with their writing problems. However, there is good news for them! It is not that bad as it may seem. There are certain rules they can follow to overcome the problem. Plus, the fear can become very physical. When you have to multitask, you become more nervous and the fear is growing. When dealing with a math task a student has to read the text, define the main problem that requires a solution, identify what information they need to use and make an equation. This may cause some students’ brain work hectic thus making the situation even worse. They may feel hopeless in this subject, while they only need some concentration. Adjusting perception to solve math problems You have to begin with setting a list of rules that can be applied anytime, when they are needed to solve a math task and not to get nervous. This is a great approach in the sense that it will give students a clear plan of actions in the situation when they feel nervous about math equations. In many cases students mix being nervous with lack of math skills. It is most likely they will think being dumb in math, when their fear shows up. To deal with such a situation, an advice is writing down all the information they can find. This is a simple trick – the more information you write down the more relaxed your brain becomes, which results in fewer chances of forgetting something and making mistakes. Tricks to solve math problems When you explain the possible reason of your students’ writing problems, your next step is making certain rules to solve them. Work with the text. When you read the math task text, take a pen and work with it – underline the information you need, circle the question asked, and cross out the unnecessary info. Such visual distinction of information will greatly help. Use color pencils. There is no need to explain that distinguishing information will be more effective if you use pencils of different colors. Visualize the question. Many students perceive information better when it is †¦ depicted. Visualizing the problem helps them understand it better and to search for a way to solve it faster. Use math tools. For some people such tools as a ruler or a protractor may help in visualizing the problem. Teachers would definitely not mind students using such tools if they see that it makes the process more efficient and brings good results. They will help making the picture more accurate and clear, especially for those students, who have a developed visual perception. Begin with estimation. It is a sort of seeing the possible answer. If you try to estimate the task, first you need to start with the obtained answer. After that you can go back and finally find the possible mistake. Check your result. This is very important. Once you have solved the task you need to check if it was done correctly. Statistics says that 50% of all mistakes are the so-called careless mistakes, made because students never bother to check the task. This is extremely important for students who have weaker attention. To sum up, it is important to explain students that math problems may not be that bad and to help them increase their self-confidence, providing effective ways to fight their fears.

Perseverance The Little Rock Nine - 1173 Words

Perseverance Throughout History In pieces of nonfiction literature, there are plenty of ways that the author shows perseverance. Perseverance is shown throughout history during times of war, the civil rights movement, or even getting women rights. Perseverance is made when someone needs to overcome an obstacle. Perseverance, according to Merriam Webster’s Dictionary, is a continued effort to do or achieve something despite difficulties, failure, or opposition. Without perseverance, we wouldn’t be able to do tasks that may challenge us and tasks that are difficult, or even do things that may seem impossible. There are three pieces of nonfiction literature that show perseverance and they are, Warriors Don’t Cry, Temple Grandin, and Heaven†¦show more content†¦In a heartbeat, without even thinking about it, I leaped up and picked up my books as a shield to fend him off.† Melba persevered through lot this day when this happened. The main thing that put her off the edge is when the kid pulled a switchblade knife on her. She persevered through that by fending off the kid. She also overcame at the same time, standing up for herself. She stood up for herself because she stood up against the white kids who were bullying her badly. That was one of the things that happened while she was segregating the all white school that she persevered through. Another thing that happened was she got rained on by flaming papers. â€Å"Once more I looked up to see those grinning, jeering faces as flaming paper rained down on me. Please, God, help me, I silently implored. I had to hurry. I might not be able to swat the next one and put it out with my hands. Then what? Would my hair catch fire? I had to stop them. I picked up my books and tossed one upward as hard as I could, in blind aim to hit my attackers.† She persevered through everything that the white kids threw at her. Like this one instant, she persevered through flames and pushed and sh oved to get of the trouble that she was in. Another piece of literature that shows perseverance is Temple Grandin. She had autism and at the time when she was born, they didn’t know much about the disability. So she grew up with problemsShow MoreRelatedWarriors Dont Cry Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesIn her memoir Warriors Don’t Cry, Melba Pattillo Beals describes her experiences as she became one of the first nine black students educated in an integrated white school. She and her friends, who became known as the â€Å"Little Rock Nine†, elicited both support and criticism from their family members, friends, community members, military troops, in addition to the President of the United States. Melba’s experiences, while heartbreaking and sobering, highlight the strength to overcome that individualsRead MoreThe Importance Of Perseverance In Literature984 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"When the whole world is silent even one voice becomes powerful† We all have encountered perseverance in our lives and it can have a huge impact on people, but as quoted on the wall â€Å"It takes only one person to change your life†¦ you. No matter how much a person tries to persuade you are the one that makes it reality. Perseverance is key in nonfiction books and since its a real person’s experience it makes it more powerful for the reader and its easier to relate so it makes you want to do the sameRead MoreThe Importance Of Endurance In Literature1066 Words   |  5 Pagesfor the better if Temple Grandin had given up. If the Little Rock Nine decided to retreat, there would still be segregated schools. And if all soldiers decided they would just give up instead of fighting, there would not be a free, independent country called the United States. To achieve great things, means to withstand difficult situations and problems. Some synonyms of endurance to be considered are dedication, determination, and perseverance. Nonfiction literature influences readers through demonstratingRead MoreThe Word Perseverance Is Necessary For The Lack Of Perseverance1218 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough simple tasks due to the lack of perseverance. Merriam Webster s dictionary definition for the word perseverance i s â€Å"a continued effort to do or achieve something despite difficulties, failure, or opposition.† In terms of usage, perseverance is used as a noun that comes from Latin origin with per- meaning through, and severus- meaning sever. Synonyms of the word consist of persist or to carry on, while antonyms are to give up or to quit. Perseverance is an important trait due to the fact thatRead MorePerseverance Speech1454 Words   |  6 PagesPerseverance When adversity hits someone, they have a choice. A choice of whether to stay down, or to get back up and overcome it. Perseverance is what gets someone to overcome those obstacles and what gets them to where they want to be. The Merriam-Websters dictionary defines perseverance as, â€Å"a continued effort to do or achieve something difficulties, failure, or opposition.† Common synonyms of perseverance are â€Å"persistent,† â€Å"dedication,† â€Å"patient,† and â€Å"tenacious.† An antonym for the wordRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey1636 Words   |  7 Pagesviewed as stories that teach the reader valuable life lessons, almost like a self-help book in today’s society. They both teach a lot of the same general lessons but there are some key similarities and differences throughout both works. Such as perseverance, and the inevitability of death are both lessons that are taught in each poem but they are presented to the read er through different interpretations. In the Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey there are two main characters both viewed as heroic figuresRead MoreAnalysis Of David Mccullough s 1776 Essay1229 Words   |  5 Pagesthe prize ship [the captured British supply ship Nancy].’† (79) As well as guns being in short supply, the Colonial Army also lacked gunpowder. â€Å"Very little by gunpowder was produced in the colonies. What supplies there were came mainly by clandestine shipments from Europe to New York and Philadelphia†¦ At present there was only enough for about nine rounds per man.† (28) Washington, being originally from Virginia, had some issues with quickly learning the lay of the land. In Boston this was not aRead MorePerseverance Is Key To Success1844 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Through perseverance many people win success out of what seemed destined to be certain failure†(Benjamin Disraeli). Perseverance is a trait that is key to success in the f uture. Everybody is going to face a time in their life where an obstacle is in front of them and they have to avoid it to keep going. During these times individuals are going to want to quit and give up. This is when perseverance comes into play. With perseverance people will take on this obstacle and find a way to get throughRead MoreNelson Mandela: A Brief Biography1090 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1951, the Separation Representation of Voters Act led to the removal of colored from the voting process. They were no longer considered citizens of South Africa. From 1976 to 1981, there were four homelands were created to segregated and denounce nine million South Africans. Africans living in homelands needed passbooks to stating all there information. The government wanted to separate white and black South Africans all together. During this time period, Nelson Mandela in 1942, enrolled forRead MoreA Run in Someone Elses Gym Shoes Essay1025 Words   |  5 Pagesteam sessions and the personal training fits to your schedule so you don’t have to worry about planning in advance or having to cancel/ reschedule any sessions! Cardinal Fitness is great for working out on your own too, although you need a little more perseverance to push yourself and get results. For amenities, they have locker-rooms, showers (although they do not provide you any towels), and stretching areas. My grandpa goes to this gym because he likes the simplicity of it. You can guess that

The Broad Term Of Freedom - 1646 Words

To start with, I would like to discuss about the broad term of â€Å"freedom† in a democratic society. We have always defined freedom as an environment in which people resist evil and do what is right, and good without fear of any punishment or retaliation. It is justice balanced with compassion and it is a rule of law based on fundamental moral truths. It offers individuals equal opportunity to better and balance their lives morally, spiritually, intellectually, and economically. Freedom is not only a moral issue but also a legal one and on this essay I am going to focus on free speech. As The First Amendment says â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances† (Cornell Law). Following this, I believe everyone is entitled to their free speech, but as flawed humans being we always cross the line at certain points and that is why there is the need for limitations. By saying this then, liberty is not really absolute and censorship can never be absent. â€Å"Liberty requires constraints at every level –speech, sex, movement†¦ in order for people to create and ordered society† (MECM, 290). Furthermore, in my opinion free speech and expression should be preserved to prevent the society and nations from exploiti ng the power of system. However, it should not beShow MoreRelatedEssay On The EU As A Promoter Of Preventative Criminal Justice924 Words   |  4 PagesEuropean Union (EU) has drifted from the objectives of the first implementation of the European Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice (AFSJ). The AFSJ was originally created to promote general EU values such as human rights. However, Herlin-Karnell states that the broad objectives and focus on ensuring a high level of security have left the AFSJ to focus solely on security while abandoning freedom and justice. The author discusses the problems of a blurred distinction of internal and external securityRead MoreTranscendentalism : Henry David Thoreau And Ralph Waldo Emerson847 Words   |  4 PagesTranscendentalism relates to freedom in several ways. Freedom is the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau are two transcendentalists that have different views on freedom. Our project, representing freedom, shows a person how to live his or her life in a way of freedom shown by Emerson and Thoreau. Together, we did research on the transcendentalists: Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. We studiedRead MoreBill C 51 : Rights And Freedom1640 Words   |  7 Pagesstrips them of their freedom and promises little improvement to public safety. Not only that, but some also find it dangerous in terms of its potential impacts on constitutionally and internationally protected rights, on the rule of law, and on the health of Canada’s democracy. In the end, this legislation is not only unsuccessful in countering terrorism, but is also counter-productive in that it is reckless, dangerous and ineffective towards supporting Canadians’ rights and freedom. The purpose ofRead MoreBill C 51 : Rights And Freedom1626 Words   |  7 Pagesstrips them of their freedom and promises little improvement to public safety. Not only that, but some also find it dangerous in terms of its potential impacts on constitutionally and internationally protected rights, on the rule of law, and on the health of Canada’s democracy. In the end, this legislation is not only unsuccessful in countering terrorism, but is also counter-productive in that it is reckless, dangerous and ineffective towards supporting Canadians’ rights and freedom. The purpose ofRead MoreA Short Note On The Protect Ip Act1284 Words   |  6 Pagesreasonable measures, as expeditiously as possible, to remove or disable access to the Internet site associated with the domain name set forth in the order†.(â€Å"Balancing Digital Theft Prevention and Freedom of Expression.†) In addition, it must delete all hyperlinks to the offending â€Å"Internet site†. In other terms, if a website is found to be providing pirated media, the internet provider such as Verizon, or Optimum, would be required to blacklist the website. Later, the copyright holders would have theRead MoreTerrorism, Cia, And South America1062 Words   |  5 Pagesand clandestine operations; the difference between these three terms, examining the legal differences between a state and non-state actor, and then applying this examination to two case studies that will include: operations in Nicaragua and Operation Condor. Definitions In order to understand what constitutes a terrorist organization a definition must be determined. It has often been said that one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter. Such an idea complicates what constitutes a terroristRead MoreThe American Civil War, By James M. Mcpherson1045 Words   |  5 Pagesaudience.† McPherson is indeed both.   In a career that has spanned four decades and garnered many of the historical profession’s top accolades, including a Pulitzer Prize, two Lincoln Prizes, the NEH’s Jefferson Lectureship in the Humanities, and a term as the president of the American Historical Association, James M. McPherson is one of the nation’s foremost historians of the American Civil War era. In all of his writings, McPherson has consistently sought to bridge the dichotomy that has dividedRead MoreIndonesi A Model For Democracy1224 Words   |  5 Pagesimprovements made to the Indonesian economy, which means economic succes s is crucial for Indonesia in order for it to stay democratic. The economic freedom score for Indonesia went up 1.6 points from last year, and it has been in an upward trend since 2010. All of this  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬improvement was based on changes in business freedom, economic freedom and financial freedom (Indonesia). 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Understanding Leadership and Ways to Develop Leadership †Sample

Question: Using relevant theories and models critically evaluate and analyse the leadership of a 21st century business leader. If you were in the position of the leader, what could you do to be a better leader and make a stronger impact on the followers and on situation/s? Answer: 1. Introduction Yukl (2012) opined that leadership is the process of social influence exerted by an individual to guide and provide support to a common mass. The organizational leaders should have definite leadership style in order to guide the activities of the employees of the organization. The assignment here deals with the evaluation of the leadership styles, behavior, attitudes and power used by the leader of the selected retail organization of Australia namely Harvey Norman. The assignment further evaluates the type of alternative leadership skills and styles that can be adopted by Harvey Norman CEO in future for the purpose of effective management of the organization. 2. Analysis of the organization Harvey Norman founded in 1982, is one of the large Australian based retailer dealing in bedding products, consumer electronics, furniture and entertainment products. The company has four more subsidiaries namely the Domayne, Space furniture, Ariston appliances and Joyce Mayne. The company has integrated its product line in the subsidiaries in order to ensure marketing of specialized products and also to decrease the work burden of the employees in a single store (Harveynorman.com.au,2015). The CEO of Harvey Norman adopts a 6 elements business model for satisfying of the following strategies namely production of large and diversified product range, competitive and penetration pricing strategy, management of people, selling through ownership and franchise system, social appearances for advertising and promotions and property investment and development (Harveynorman.com.au,2015). 3. Description of the leader The organization was co founded by two upcoming entrepreneurs namely Gerry Harvey and Ian Norman. Gerry Harvey is presently the CEO of Harvey Norman group of retail chains. Initially starting his career as a sales man, Gerry decided to open a retail store in partnership and thereby expanded the same to around 42 stores at present. Johnson et al. (1964) opined that the major reason behind the success of Gerry in expanding the business line lies in his hands on approach. Gerry is seen to appear as a spokesperson in every public announcements to discussion about the economic and business strategies of this company. This has helped him to relate to the common mass and create a positive image in the mind of the mass customers. However the reports as per the Business Review Weekly about the CEOs personal life reveals that he is not interested in any kind of charities and stays aloof from the society meetings. This may show that Gerry adopts and introvert attitude in social context (Leroy et al. 2012). The following leadership principles are noted within the Harvey Norman organization: To make self evaluation and evaluation of business before starting of the business To motivate co workers to be highly productive To integrate best business strategies within the organization To continue formulating new ways to conduct business and motivate employees (Buchanan, 2013). 4. Analysis of the situations In the present scenario with the advent of global retailers like Wal-Mart and Home Depot dealing in the same product line, Harvey Norman may face low turnover rate. Global operations require the organizations to make effective links with external suppliers, associates, and internal employees (Caldwell, 2012). Hence to establish this effectively the organizations require a mentor as a leader. The autocratic Style adopted by Harvey Norman CEO Gerry will restrain the expansion plan of the company. The company in this respect requires a coach or mentor who will guide them rather than instructing them on job specifications. Moreover the increase use of online retailing is threatening the job position of employees of the retail sector (Wirba, 2012). However in case of Gerry it is seen that the leader is in denial about the rise of online retailing is not switching over to the same. 5. Evaluation of the leader Gerry Harvey the CEO of Harvey Norman is the key figure to success of the Harvey Norman operations. An effective analysis of the management roles and leadership styles adopted by him will show the reason behind the success. Management roles: According to Buchanan (2013) three types of management roles may be adopted by an organizational leader namely interpersonal role, informational role and decisional role. Gerry plays the three management roles successfully. His interpersonal role is ascertained from the initiative taken by him in travelling throughout Harvey Norman business and engaging with the employees. He adopts the role of a figure head which enables him to gain support of the employees in business change management. Information dissemination is a part of Gerrys informational role. The effective implementation of the decisional role of Gerry is seen in the introduction of the franchise system and incentive system. Personal skills: Boone and Makhani (2012) opined that for a leader to become successful the following personal skills or attitudes should be present within the individual namely people skills, visionary skills, adaptability skills and ethical skills. 1. People skills: According to Caldwell (2012) the ability of the leader to be empathetic and sensitive to the needs of the team members is an effective way to show good people skills. In order to be publicly acceptable figure a leader needs to have good verbal and non verbal communication strategies like positive body language, making eye contact, making appropriate gestures and open communication. Media interaction and public appearances of Gerry suggests the effective use of the people skills in managing of economic, political matters and also managing the shareholders and customers. 2. Visionary Skills: The major quality of a true visionary leader includes openness to new creative ideas, participation of the team members in decision-making process, imagination, persistence and conviction (Forman and Ross, 2013).However in case of Gerry the skill is not seen. The lack of implementation of the online retailing services shows that the leader is nor foresighted and is conservative in nature. 3. Adaptability skills: With the rapid changes in the world economy and business sector it is utmost important for a leader to possess flexibility and adaptability skills. The expansion and existence of a business depends upon the flexible decisions of a leader (Wirba, 2012).For instance CEO of Face book Mark Zuckerbergs acquiring of Watsapp showed his flexibility with the changes in the emerging social media apps trend. However the lack of adaptability is seen in case of Gerry making the company lose market share to the global competitors. 4. Ethical skills: Leaders are responsible for cultivating culture within the organization hence implementing ethical process for performing of tasks is necessary to make a congenial working environment (Forman and Ross, 2013). Gerry adopted a low profile strategy to keep ethical considerations within the organization. The CEO of Harvey Norman generally has a very low salary compared to other Australian executives which denotes that the CEO is performing the operations in an ethical manner. Leadership style: The adoption of the correct leadership style formulates the effective management of stakeholders as well as achievement of the long term objectives (_).The following are the basic leadership styles generally seen within different organizations. 1. Autocratic leadership style: The classical and the oldest form of leadership style is the autocratic style which gives the leader the power to dominate the team members and suppress the decisions of the team members (Gosling et al. 2012).Although not followed presently however the instance of autocratic style was seen in the commando generals of early times. Adolf Hitler, the greatest German commander possessed and implemented this style which brought about his fall. Abrell et al. (2011) opined that adoption of this style within an organizational context may lead to high employs turnover and absenteeism and low morale of the employees. 2. Bureaucratic leadership style: This is one of the most prevalent leadership styles in where the leader follows the guidelines and rules of the organization. The leaders with this style have no decision power and merely act as a source of rules delivery. Paul Teutul of Orange County Choppers who produces bikes and bike parts adopts this style within their organization. Penney (2011) opined that this type of style is effective in companies where the employees are performing the routine tasks regularly. However in organizations like media house, retail sectors where change is necessary this style is not effective. 3. Participative Leadership style: The participative leadership style commonly known as democratic leadership style is the most preferable leadership style within an organization (Tebeian, 2012). A leader adopting this style encourages the staffs to be a part of all kind of organizational decisions. This creates a sense of connectivity within the employees. A striking example of participative leadership is seen in Carlos Ghosn, the former CEO of Renault and the present CEO of Nissan Japan. The CEO is seen to provide various challenges to the employees to make them perform better and also make them realize about their capabilities. The use of this leadership style reduces the burden of the leader and also reduces the risks of the leader. 4. Laissez Faire leadership style: This is a unique leadership style generally used by small scale organizations who appoint in experienced leaders. This is a hand off style where the leader gives no advice or direction in relation to the organizational activities to the team workers. These types of leaders are more focused on the fulfillment of the individual goals instated of concentrating on the organizational goals.Hargis et al. (2011) opined that the use of this style will be successful only in case of organizations where the staffs are highly skilled, trained and experienced. Analysis of the leadership style adopted by Gerry Harvey it may be seen that the success of the company majorly depends upon his interactive and interpersonal nature. The CEO leads a simple life with no high salary or well furnished office. However the leader pays personal visits to the business houses and the retail stores to check the operations and the satisfaction levels of the employees. The use of high people skills and entrepreneur leadership style has helped Gerry to succeed in expanding the retail operations (Penney, 2011). However the lack of situational and adaptable leadership style within Harvey Norman will result in the future threatening situations for the company. Harvey Norman is still focusing on the franchise system of opening stores rather than focusing on online retailing. Gerry adopts a traditional and old fashioned leadership style of being bureaucratic in his operations. Hence he is overlooking the changes in the global retail sector. Organizational structure and leadership style: The implementation of the leadership style depends upon the appropriate organizational structure (Wirba, 2012). The adoption of hierarchical organizational structure reduces the pressure on the employees and ensures chain of command. CEO of Harvey Norman follows the hierarchical structure thereby making division of labor. The accountability and authority rests with the CEO and the co founder followed by a downward chain of command. Tebeian (2012) opined that this leadership style and organizational structure reduces the chance of mistakes within the organization. However the freedom of opinion or creativity is endangered in this kind of structure. Power of influence: Anderson (2012) opined that leaders should use effective power to influence the decisions of the employees and the co workers. The power of influence is concerned in two ways namely the negotiating power and the bargaining power. The negotiating power enables the leader to reach an agreement on mutually accepted terms in order to fulfill the needs of the employees. On the contrary bargaining power is the ability of the leader to exert influence in order to acquire a situation in their favor. Gerry makes use of the bargaining power within the lower levels of the organization. The CEO in this respect adopts the quick win philosophy that will enable him to resolve turmoil between the lower level workers and will not hamper the growth process of the company. However the use of the bargaining power creates a autocratic style within the organization and exerting of pressure may result in reduction of employee participation (Wirba, 2012). 6. Analysis of alternative recommendations for leadership styles The analysis of the leadership style followed within the Harvey Norman shows that although the adoption of the bureaucratic style has been a success for the company however after the death of Gerry Harvey the management of the organization will get hampered. Hence the following styles and skills may be adopted within the organization to make it adaptable to the changing market scenarios. Adoption of participative style: The adoption of participative style will help Harvey Norman to make easier decisions (Buchanan, 2013). With the change in technology and market structure the company should concentrate on taking the views of all employees within the organization. The proposals of the employees will help Gerry to introduce new product lines, promote the products more aggressively and retain the market share from the competitors. Situational leadership strategies: Forman and Ross (2013) opined that adoption of situational leadership strategies helps the organizations to adapt to the changing situations. Gerry Harvey had founded the retail chain long back and hence he has adopted the traditional strategies to look over the operations of the company. However with the emergence of the global retail chains like Tesco, Walmart, Sainsbury and Asda the market competition for innovation is increasing. Companies like Wal-Mart and Tesco are providing easy online retailing options. Adoption of negotiation power: Gerry as a successful leader should adopt the tactics of good negotiation power rather than relying on bargaining power (Caldwell, 2012). The use of the negotiation power will help the leader to achieve the loyalty of the employees and also achieve the organizational objective without making any compromises. Additional skills: The leader of Harvey Norman should also possess the following skills namely skill of strategic thinking, skill of self management, complex problem solving ability, flexibility and adaptability and team coordination (Caldwell, 2012). It is seen that Gerry depends upon his secretary for all computer works since he is not self trained in this matter. Hence to be an effective guide he should first incorporate self management skills within him. Structural changes: The organizational structure followed by Harvey Norman is divisional structure however the company should think of adopting strategic alliances, outsourcing and flat organizational structures. The adoption of outsourcing will help to reduce the costs of the company (Boone and Makhani, 2012). Moreover the implementation of flat organizational structure will help the company to widen the span of control and cut the costs and make the organizational structure more flexible and adaptable. 7. Conclusion The assignment focuses on the different leadership styles of 21st century. With the advent of technology and emerging competition from various strategies adopted by the organizations it requires the organizational leaders to be adaptable, flexible and participative. The assignment highlights the skills that will be helpful of the largest retail chain of Australia Harvey Norman to succeed in the long run. Apart from the recommended styles the leader of Harvey Norman should also undertake the responsibilities towards the shareholders in reconciling their interests. The management of the company should also adopt the classical management style of planning, organizing and controlling of the activities so that the leadership styles can be implemented successfully. Reference list Books Buchanan, M. (2013).Leadership and religious schools. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. Forman, J. and Ross, L. (2013).Integral leadership. Albany: State University of New York Press. Gosling, J., Sutherland, I., Jones, S. and Dijkstra, J. (2012).Key concepts in leadership. Los Angeles: SAGE. Wirba, A. (2012).Leadership Styles. Saarbrucken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. Journals Abrell, C, Rowold, J, Weibler, J and Moenninghoff, M (2011) Evaluation of a long term transformational leadership development program, Zeitschrift fr Personalforschung,25 (3), pp. 205-224. Anderson, D. (2012) Is building relationships the key to leadership?,Performance Improvement,51(2), pp. 15-21. Boone, L. W. and Makhani, S. (2012) Five necessary attitude of a servant leader, Review of Business, 33(1), pp.83-96. Caldwell, R. (2012) Leadership and learning: a critical reexamination of Senge's learning organization, System Practice and Action Research, 25(1), pp. 39-55. Hargis, M. B., Watt, J. D. Piotrowski, C. (2011) Developing leaders: examining the role of transactional and transformational leadership across contexts business, Organisation Development Journal, 29 (3), pp. 51-66. Johnson, R. A., Fremont, E. K. and Rosenzweig, J. E. (1964) Systems Theory And Management, Management Science,10(2), p. 367-384. Leroy, H, Palansky, M. E. and Simons, T. (2012) Authentic leadership and behavioural integrity as drivers of follower commitment and performance, Journal of Business Ethics,107(3), pp. 225-264. Penney, S. H. (2011) Voice of the future: leadership for the 21st century, Journal of Leadership Studies, 5(3), pp. 55-62. Tebeian, A. E. (2012) The impact of motivation through leadership on group performance, Review of International Comparative Management, 13(2), pp. 313-324. Yukl, G. (2012) Effective leadership behaviour: what we know and what questions need more attention, Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(4), pp. 66-85.

Madonna Of Raphael And Cimabue Essays - Madonna Del Prato, Madonna

Madonna Of Raphael And Cimabue The following paper is a comparison of Raphael's Madonna of the Meadow and Cimabue's Madonna Enthroned. Madonna of the Meadow was painted by Raffaello Sanzio, otherwise known as Raphael, in 1505. This time period is known as the Italian Renaissance. The painting was oil on panel and stood 3 ft 8.5 in X 2 ft 10.25 in. It is now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, Italy (Adams, 567). Madonna of the Meadow is of a classical nature, which is very common of the time period. A good example of this would be the nude characters used in the art. The medium used (oil) was also being used very widely in Italy by this time. It allowed the painter to make very realistic shades and colors. The figures and landscape in the painting also looked very fluid and real due to the use of the oil paint. The iconography of the painting lies in the history of its famous characters. The three figures come from the Bible; however, the artist has taken some liberties. The picture contains the Virgin Mary, the baby Jesus and his second cousin St. John the Baptist. The picture foreshadows the death of Christ on the cross. This point is displayed in the action of the painting where St. John is handing Jesus a small cross and Mary is looking upon it knowing what is to come. There is a feeling of connection between the three of them by the way they are all looking at each other and the cross. Although I could find no documentation on this, I feel there is also a symbol of the trinity in the three flowers to Mary's left side. The flowers are very prevalent and are connected to the figures in the painting by having the same color that is in the Virgin's shirt. It is also speculated that the water in the background symbolizes the baptism of Christ by John the Baptist. The fact that Mary is barefoot in the painting indicates that she is walking on holy ground. This painting is among a series that has been called Madonna of the Lands because the Florentine countryside in the background is said to be under the protection of the Virgin, the Child and the infant Baptist. The Virgin Mary is also joined to the landscape by her sloping shoulders which make a continuation of the mountainous peaks of Florence in the background (Hartt, 470). The positioning and placement of the three biblical characters are said to be in a Leonardesque-type pyramid (Hartt, 470). Raphael favored this style and positioning from Leonardo DiVinchi. The poses of the three are very calm, relaxed and subdued. His overall style of the painting was very realistic and smooth. The use of light was very natural and soft with delicate shadowing and a continuous flow of the direction of the sunlight. The setting is very spacious and deep and his use of atmospheric perspective is very noticeable, allowing the scene to become even more alive and believable to the eye. The halos adorning the three are also put into perspective by an elliptical shape and by being very faint. The colors and tones are very natural and soothing, much like the brushwork of the painting as well. The best description of the painting comes from our textbook Art Across Time stating that, "Raphael's style is calm, harmonious, and restrained". In comparison, Madonna Enthroned has many differences although it contains two of the same characters. The painting is much larger having a height of 12 ft 7 in and a width of 7 ft 4 in. It was designed about 200 years earlier than Madonna of the Meadow during the Byzantine Influence. It is currently being held in the Galleria degli Uffizi. Its medium also differs quite much in that it is a tempera on wood (Adams, 452). The tempera does not allow the painting to look as real and as fluid as does the oil. The Christ child is very much adult-like in his appearance and gestures, nothing like the one in Raphael's painting. It is, however, very typical of the Byzantine style as is the gold background and thin figures (Adams, 450). The figures in the painting are once again from the Bible. However, in this painting we also have angels and four older men at the bottom of the throne holding scrolls. These men depict the four prophets of the Old Testament. The style differs quite a bit from Madonna